Western History 38: What were the defining features of the Roman Republic?

The Roman Republic that immediately replaced the monarchy was structured along more obvious democratic lines although it was still very much of an oligarchy in all functionality. It would survive until 27 BC and had at its core an unwritten constitution with principles passed down by precedent.

The strongest body of power within Rome was the Senate. It passed decrees (senatus consulta) and its members were appointed by Roman Censors (officers in  charge of the city census and a watchdog for public morality). However the Censors would lose clout over time with real power flowing into the hands of the Triumvirate (a group of three influential figures) who took authority upon special commission to fulfill specific tasks. Most Senators were initially members of the hereditary nobility (the Patricians) but this would change over time with non-Patricians (Plebeians) taking their spot on the Senate using the ticket of wealth or military success as a driver.

In contrast to the Senate stood the legislative assemblies who were tasked with representing the voice of the citizens. They functioned largely on a legal basis and involved themselves in issues of marriage, contract law, tax exemption status, the holding of office and political rights. Citizens were organized on a tribal level that was motivated by geographical considerations. There were various types of assemblies with the Council of Plebs (a Plebian body) being the most active with respect to day-to-day law making of a practical nature.

Another position, the Quaestor, was responsible for financial audits. Initially these office holders were elected but these became more of appointed position as the Republic transitioned to the Empire.