Tuesday, June 11, 2019

How was 20th century physics so successful with so limited amount of experimental data?

My answer on Quora

The 20th century saw the full scale development of both Special/General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, Modern Cosmology, the Standard Model, Solid State Physics and Plasma Physics. All of these were driven by innovate and powerful analytical thought.
Key breakthroughs were indeed backed up by solid empirical evidence, that is a testament to the ingenuity of experimental physics. In fact from a practical era this was indeed a Golden Age as well. Here is a list of some key experiments and technologies that heralded the 20th century revolutions and indeed made it possible for theoretical physicists to take their models to the next level. Although one couldn’t acquire the extent of data that we can obtain today the brilliance of these adaptations more than substituted.
  • Millikan’s oil drop experiment (1909)- determined the magnitude of the elementary charge (JJ Thomson’s experiment a decade earlier had already narrowed down the charge to mass ratio for the electron so that Millikan’s work proved to be vital as well for the determination of the mass of the electron);
Millikan’s Experiment - Can actually be performed at the High School Level Source: Figure 1. The apparatus used by Robert A. Millikan for performing the...
  • Geiger-Marsden’s gold foil experiments (1908–1913)- identified the positive nature of the atomic nucleus;
  • Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy’s transmutation experiments (1901) - these examined the conversion of one type of an atom into another;
  • Enrico Fermi’s demonstration of nuclear chain reactions (1942) - this is the basis for continuous Nuclear Fission;
  • X-Ray Crystallography experimentation work by the Bragg team (father and son - 1915) as well as Rosalind Franklin later - helped unravel the Double Helix nature of DNA and other molecular structures;
  • Invention of the Bubble Chamber by Donald Glaser (1952)- an extremely valuable tool in particle physics;
Bubble Chamber profile - can identify particles using motion outlines and careful application of conservation of momentum. Sources: Bubble chamber
  • Stern -Gerlach Experiment (1922) - showed that spatial orientation associated with angular momentum is quantized;
  • Davisson-Germer Experiment (1923)- Observed diffraction patterns with electrons (vital in the development of the notion of wave particle duality);
  • Bell Test Experiment (1982) - Performed by Alain Aspect - showed that ‘ghostly action at a distance’ was indeed a reality;
  • The science and technology around the family of particle accelerators that include - linear induction accelerators, betatrons, circular or cyclic RF accelerators and synchrotons;
First Particle Accelerator 1932 The First Particle Accelerator 1932
  • The development of the Transistor (1947) and the various spin-off technologies around semi-conductors (opened up the idea of the integrated circuit and the microprocessor);
  • The invention of Radio Telescope by Karl Jansky in 1932 (useful in the elucidation of key cosmological phenomena).

Is Liverpool the most successful English team?

My answer on Quora.
This is definitely a two horse race. Liverpool v Manchester United. I am calling it a tie. Let us look into this.
Point to consider - I am a die-hard Liverpool fan. However I will try to be as objective in this particular analysis as possible.
League Titles - Manchester United has 20 titles compared to Liverpool’s 18. Arsenal are third with 13. United have also been runners-up 16 times compared to Liverpool’s 14. Advantage: Manchester United.
FA Cups - Arsenal with 13 titles are the most successful English team in this competition. Manchester United have 12 titles. Liverpool were late starters to the FA Cup (winning their first title here in 1965) but have a total of 7 titles to their name. Spurs and Chelsea both have eight. Arsenal and United have been runners-up seven and eight times respectively while Liverpool have lost seven finals. Advantage: Manchester United.
League Cups - Liverpool dominate here with eight titles and four runners-up spots. Included in this is four League Cup wins in a row (1981–84). United have won the League Cup five times and have lost four finals. Manchester City has six league cups to their name, placing them in second position. Advantage: Liverpool
European Champions League (formerly European Cup) - Liverpool has won Europe’s Premier tournament six times placing them third overall behind Real Madrid (13) and AC Milan (7). Liverpool also won back-to-back titles in 1977 and 1978. Manchester United have three Champion’s Leagues to their name with Nottingham Forest ranking third with two titles( for English clubs in this category). In terms of final runners-up Liverpool have earned this accolade three times compared to United’s twice. Advantage: Liverpool
Manchester United during happier times Source: Mail online.
UEFA Cup/Europa League - Liverpool have won the UEFA Cup (now the Europa League) three times making them the most successful English team in this competition as well. They have been runners-up once. In terms of trophy haul here they are tied in second place with Inter Milan, Juventus and Atletico Madrid. Seville of Spain leads this category with five titles. Chelsea and Tottenham have each won two titles while United has one. Advantage: Liverpool
European Cup Winners Cup - This tournament was originally contested by the winners of the various Domestic cup competitions. It is now defunct. Barcelona won the cup a record four times. Chelsea were the most successful English team with two titles. Manchester United won it once. Liverpool were unsuccessful here although they were a runner-up once in the 60s. Advantage: Manchester United
World Club Championship/intercontinental Cup- This was at one time a one-off game between the winners of the European Cup and South America’s Copa Libertadores (usually played in Tokyo). It evolved into a mini round-robin with other regional champions at one point (which very few people liked) and is on the verge of becoming an even larger tournament (which even more people are unhappy with). Credit United with two wins (one under the banner of the Intercontinental Cup). Liverpool are without a win. Advantage: Manchester United.
UEFA Super Cup - This is a single game (played in Monaco) between the winners of the Champions League and the Europa Cup (in earlier times it was the Cup-Winners Cup). Liverpool have won it three times compared to United’s once. Advantage: Liverpool
Community/Charity Shield - This match serves as the curtain raiser to the new season and features the winner of the League against the FA Cup champion from the previous season. Manchester United have won the shield 21 compared to Liverpool’s 15 (they are tied for second spot with Arsenal). Advantage: Manchester United
In the final analysis I will not include lower division titles. United have two old second division titles. Liverpool have four plus a Lancashire League.
Awarding Points according to the following system. Champions League - 8, League - 6, UEFA Cup/Europa League/Cup Winners Cup - 5, FA Cup - 4, League Cup -3, All other competitions - 1.
Remember not all silverware is equivalent.
The final result is…..
Liverpool - 241 Points. Manchester United - 241 Points.
A Tie and believe me I didn’t rig this one.
For comparison I calculated the score values for the other teams in the Big Six. They are Arsenal (146), Chelsea (117), Man City (83) and Tottenham Hotspurs (71).
Here are some tie breakers for the top two.
League/FA Cup Doubles - United 3 Liverpool 1
League/League Cup Doubles - Liverpool 3 (all in a row) United 1
League/European Cup - Liverpool 2 United 2
League/UEFA Cup - Liverpool 2 United 0
Trebles (not including one-off competition matches) - Liverpool 2 (1984, 2001) United 1 (1999)
So take your pick or flip a coin.
For those who want to go deeper there is always this. Premier League + 1. Division - All-time league table. Liverpool come out on top.

Sunday, June 2, 2019

Do you know of any President or Prime Minister who has shown considerable wisdom after serving their term in office?Why?

My answer on Quora.
There are several examples in the US alone. John Quincy Adams emerged as a leading figure in the abolitionist movement and a champion of the sciences. He also served in Congress. The Amistad Slave Rebellion, 175 Years Ago
William Howard Taft became the Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court from 1921–1930. Teddy Roosevelt took to exploring the Brazilian wilderness.
Many had other talents that they indulged in . 8 U.S. Presidents You Didn’t Know Were Musicians | 98.7WFMT
However the one individual who stands out since World War Two despite the fact that his presidency ended on such a sour note was Richard Milhous Nixon.
Nixon resigned from office on the 9th of April 1974. His biographer Jonathan Aitken described him at the time as a ‘soul in torment.’ However his mood improved after he was pardoned by Gerald Ford on September 8th of the same year.
He returned to public life in December 1974 and set about becoming an adviser to Presidents on both sides of the political aisle. Richard Nixon advised Bill Clinton on post-Cold War world
Nixon’s specialty was Cold War diplomacy, a topic that as the father of detente he was somewhat of an ‘expert’ on. His work with China in particular was well thought of. 4 Reasons Why Nixon Remains the Most Important President Since 1945
Nixon wrote extensively in the field of foreign affairs. His book Real War (1980) looked at the danger of Soviet Expansion in the 1970s. In Leaders (1982 he analyzed many of the political figures that he met during his term in office. Other works dealt with the memoirs of his Presidency. In 1992, he wrote Seize the Moment (1992), where he scrutinized the role of the US in a one superpower world. He was extremely prolific. The last of his books Beyond Peace (1994) was completed two weeks before his death and published posthumously.
All told Nixon has 12 books to his credit (although three of these written before his presidency).
Source: ‎Real Peace
Real Peace Description on Apple - One of Richard Nixon’s most incisive works on American foreign policy, Real Peace argues that lasting peace can only be achieved through “hard-headed détente”—a pragmatic mixture of military preparedness, effective arms control, and improved East-West economic ties.
I myself am very conflicted about Nixon. His presidency will forever be tainted by Watergate and many of the decisions that regrettably expanded the conflict in South East Asia. Economically his price controls were a disaster, as was his strict embrace of Keynesian economics (contrast this to Kennedy). However his actions with respect to both the Soviet Union and China certainly eased tensions along these fronts and the fact that he acted as a valuable resource for other holders of the Oval Office is admirable.
One could even argue that his post-presidency was indeed his finest hours.
Further reading

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Teachers: What is the worst mistake you made your first year teaching?

Asked on Quora.

My answer.

Yelling at a class. This is never a good idea. However almost new teachers at one point or another often feels compelled to do so. Having a difficult class certainly feeds into the impulse. I did so on several occasions in year one. Instantly regretted it each time and have not, in my sixteen years of teaching since then, ever done it again. I am a far better teacher for my decision to avoid such action.
The problem with yelling are all too obvious upon further reflection. While you may have an immediate response that appears favorable
  • You lose all credibility with the class in the long run
  • It never makes you feel better
  • There are far better methods of classroom management
  • It is the antithesis of the kind of behavior that you wish to ultimately cultivate with your students.

Criteria for being a dictator

The problem with the word dictator is that it has been thrown around so carelessly that it is on the verge of losing meaning. So let us reclaim it. To begin with a dictator is not by definition a political figure that one doesn’t like. I know, for some that everyone they hate is literally Hitler but in all seriousness a deferral to the subjective is never a solid way to define a political term.
For a person to be described as a dictator I would argue that they need to fill the following criteria -
  • terminate open opposition nationally,
  • clamp down on free elections,
  • restrict forums for criticism (often associated with the shutdown of the non-government press),
  • rule without deference to an independent legislative body,
  • effectively consolidate the judiciary under the executive wing,
  • establish barriers beyond an acceptable norm to prevent the removal of said dictator from power.
Now there is the notion of the benign dictator who may ‘relax’ several of these categories, but never to the extent to which they ought to exist within a free democracy. This is often where the grey area around the use of this term seems to reside.

Asked on Quora - Is Noam Chomsky one of the greatest minds since Isaac Newton?


My answer

Maybe if you were sampling his relatives and the student radicals who keep the Chomsky cult alive. Yes.
From an objective sense. No bloody way. Not even close.
Noam Chomsky has made a significant contribution to linguistics. Give him that. I do value his critique of our media system (all the more relevant now) and his take down of postmodernism, however he does not fall into the greatest minds category. Not by a long shot.
Politically he has been a walking disaster despite the fanfare given to him by the hate-America crowd.
Check out the list of his lies
In the field of Physics alone (since you bring up Sir Issac Newton) I would place Bardeen, Bohr, Boltzmann, Curie, Einstein, Faraday, Feynman, Fourier, Gauss, Gell-Mann, Heisenberg, Hubble, Laplace, Maxwell, Noether, Pauli, Planck, Rutherford, Schrödinger , Weinberg, Witten ahead of him.
That is just one discipline.
If we go across the intellectual bandwidth Chomsky can barely hold a candle to Darwin, Pasteur, Hayek, Hegel, Cantor, Euler, Russell, Wittgenstein, Turing etc.
In fact even in the contemporary sense there are far great minds alive than Chomsky today - Kripke, Tau, Perelman, Searle and Thorne. That was just off the top of my head.

Tuesday, May 7, 2019

What is your reaction to the arrest of Julian Assange?

My answer on Quora.

My reaction is mixed.
As much as I appreciate access to information and the freedom to challenge existing political infrastructures, I cannot count myself as a true fan of Julian Assange. While I understand his willingness to expose the lack of transparency in the establishment and his unmasking of various deep state actors, I am not convinced that he is a person of integrity.
He does not appear to take responsibility for his malicious actions (many of which have life threatening consequences) and I do not see him as acing in the best interests of the US (partisan politics aside) when the dust clears.
Although the case is far from settled I am still concerned by his connections with various Russian sources and the fact that he personally seems to see himself as being above the law. There is a giant ego component to his actions. WikiLeaks and Israel Shamir | Andrew Brown
Having said that though there is a definite positive side to Assange. Organizations such as Wikileaks provide a vital function. They force governments to be more sincere with their actions, expose various double dealing by the powers that be and provide for a more comprehensive understanding of the political dynamic. As a student of history I welcome their input.
Julian Assange Profile: Julian Assange
Now I realize that conservatives are divided on this issue. Tucker Carlson for one has thrown his support behind Assange while Ben Shapiro is vocal in his criticism of the man. Libertarians tend to give Assange the benefit of the doubt while traditional conservatives often view him through a less enthusiastic lens. He is nothing if not complex.
So let us step back for a moment and look at the reason why Julian Assange rose to ‘fame’ in the first place.
Background
Australian-born Assange is the director and founder of the information disseminating platform Wikileaks. By his own admission he describes himself as a market libertarian but has historically skirted around conventional political labels. Prior to 2016 he was regularly regarded as a man of the left. Assange has a well documented history as a hacker that goes back to his teen years. Wikileaks notoriety is partly a function of its ability to acquire information from various hacked (or leaked) sources.
In 2010 Wikileaks started publishing a series of leaks illegally provided to him by intelligence analyst Bradley Manning (later Chelsea Manning). Included in the leaks were the war logs on Afghanistan, Iraq and various US diplomatic papers that collectively fall under the category of Cablegate. All in all it is believed that Manning passed on to Wikileaks close to 750,000 documents. They were largely published between April 2010 and April 1011. (You probably meant 2011 instead of 1011 here. I doubt he helped shape the military career of William of Orange. ;-))Many of these documents were designated as containing classified and very sensitive information.
The US government launched a criminal investigation of Wikileaks and has worked with various allies to bring him to justice. In November 2010 Sweden issued an arrest warrant against Assange over rape and sexual assault allegations, that he has of course denied. He did surrender to the British police in December 2010 but failed to defeat the motion for extradition and then after breaching bail fled and was offered asylum in the Ecuadorian embassy in London. This was his home until April 11th 2019 when his asylum was withdrawn.
While the Swedish rape charges were dropped in 2017 he could see the rape charges against him reopened. Swedish prosecutors considering request to reopen Julian Assange rape case. At present the British authorities are holding him in custody for skipping bail. The US government is going after him for violating the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) and are seeking extradition.
Wikileaks in the past have actually played a role in releasing information pertaining to human rights abuse and government irregularities. These include extrajudicial executions by the police in Kenya, numerous cases of corruption in the Arab World, the Petrogate scandal in Peru and Chinese government clampdown on unrest in Tibet.
When the 2010 document dumps were released Assange was applauded by a host of characters on the left that included Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay , Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and Jeremy Corbyn (then a Labour back-bencher). Predictably the fellow travelers in the media - Noam Chomsky, John Pilger, Tariq Ali, Michael Moore and Daniel Ellsberg (of Pentagon Papers fame) - came to his defense as well.
Assange also had his fans on the Libertarian right and became somewhat of a celebrity, winning awards from the Economist, Le Monde, Amnesty International and the Sydney Peace Foundation for his endeavors.
Then in July 2016 Assange went one further and won over a new subset fans with his exposure of leaked documents on corruption in the DNC that showed how the party acted to quash the aspiration of Bernie Sanders’ campaign, to benefit Hillary Clinton. The release forced the resignation of DNC chairperson Debbie Wasserman Schultz.
Assange added to this with the so-called October 2016 surprise where 2,000 e-mails were published by Wikileaks detailing the relationship between the Clinton Campaign and various power brokers. These are believed to have been obtained from the John Podesta hack. The Clinton campaign accused Assange of being in the service of Russia. He fired back by claiming that they were resorting to ‘a kind of neo-McCarthy hysteria’.
DNC circa 2016 Source: Ben Garrison
Assange’s animosity to the Clintons is clear. He fell afoul of the Obama Administration in 2010 but is not on board with Trump either. Some have accused him of being Anti-American to the core. The jury is out on that one.
Now for the tough part. Why do I have a mixed reaction?
The problem is that Assange seems answerable to only one person. Himself. He appears to take no responsibility for the consequences of his actions. Some of his leaks included details of Afghans who informed on the Taliban, the methodology of how the CIA sustains its undercover operations, not to mention classified documents on terrorists held at Guantanamo Bay. He has also exposed personal detail on various ICE agents.
There is no doubt a fine line here that he is walking as he confronts the critical divide between private and personal spheres. Those concerned by national security have a strong case against Assange.
Clearly his arrest at this time is being motivated by several factors. The Ecuadorian government cut the legs off his support structure (which of course they are entitled to do) but the motivation for such action is not that simple. Some have suggested that they did so in response to am IMF loan. IMF Executive Board Approves US$4.2 Billion Extended Fund Facility for Ecuador. Others argue that there was more direct pressure by various American sources. A Human rights challenge is likely to follow. The issue over freedom of the press is front and central. Is Julian Assange’s arrest a threat to freedom of the press? Depends on whom you ask.
The saga will hopefully unravel with time but if he does pay the price, which could be severe, a vital question will remain.
How will future whistleblowers be protected from the reach of the state for legitimately exposing those in power who abuse and misuse their platform of operation?
With the scandals around the Obama era FBI and the NSA this question is as pertinent as ever.
Sources:
  1. WikiLeaks
  2. WikiLeaks' 'cablegate' dump: 10 biggest revelations
  3. The 4 Most Damaging Emails From the DNC WikiLeaks Dump
  4. Free-Speech Groups Support WikiLeaks Move to Dismiss DNC Lawsuit - BNN Bloomberg
  5. UN privacy expert says Julian Assange's privacy 'may have been breached' in embassy