(My answer on Quora)
It was part of an international movement to put pressure on the Nationalist government in South Africa to rescind its support for institutionalized racial segregation. Tutu was a well known theologian, writer and speaker who was a strong critic of the government’s Apartheid policies.
He was an integral part of the Anti-Apartheid United Democratic Front (UDF) that was formed in 1983.
Tutu would later become the Anglican Bishop of Johannesburg (1985–1986) and the Archbishop of Cape Town (1986–1996). He had worldwide notoriety and was viewed in some quarters (although by no means all) as South Africa’s version of Martin Luther King Jr.
Ironically in the year that he won the prize there were two other South Africans nominated - the ANC’s Nelson Mandela and Inkatha leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi. Tutu was seen as the least controversial of the three
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