Western History 164: Besides the Revolutions in France and Germany what other revolts engulfed Europe in 1848?

The 1848 Revolutions were largely directed against the autocracies of the old  order and were framed by liberal  nationalist and socialist sentiments. The multi-national Habsburg Empire that was centrally controlled from Vienna was  hit by revolutions in Austria, Hungary, Galicia, Croatia, Czechia and Slovakia. In addition Habsburg domination was challenged within the Italian Peninsula. Much of the latter (which Count von Metternich once dubbed a being nothing more than a geographical expression) was driven by nationalistic motivations that provided a precursor for a future Italian Unification, that would follow later on in the century. 

In Austria von Metternich was forced to flee (in a laundry carriage) after which s  series of short-lived liberal governments popped up across the polyglot Empire. However in a counter-revolution the regime of King Ferdinand was restored in Vienna with the support of the military figure General Joseph Radetzky von Radetz. The popular revolts in Italy and the Czech lands were soon neutralized as well.

General Joseph Radetzky von Radetz.  source: alchetron.com

In Hungary revolutionary fervour engulfed the region starting in March of 1848.The 12 Demands were put forth by the Hungarian rebels which stressed freedom of the press, a democratically elected  assembly and more autonomy for Budapest. Lajos Kossuth, a Hungarian noble would spearhead Revolution that paralleled the turmoil in Vienna.

Lajos Kossuth - Hungarian Revolutionary Leader. source: spartacus-educational

Demands for more civil liberties by the Hungarian Diet were agreed on by the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand who appeared (at least on paper) as though he was willing to tolerate more autonomy in exchange for a continued personal union of Hungary with the Empire.. The Diet pushed ahead with more reform however this encouraged more demands for full independence (a pattern that seemed to repeat itself elsewhere). Fearing a breakdown of the Empire the Habsburgs ordered an invasion of Hungary and with the support of Russian forces, ordered in by Tsar Nicholas I, brutally crushed the revolution. Kossuth would flee into exile and was later executed as martial law gripped the country.

Nevertheless the events of the Revolution would play a role in the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the beginning of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Outside of  Habsburg dominated territory there were revolts as well in Sweden that were predictably dispersed. In Switzerland the Sonderbund War saw several Catholic cantons take up arms against the dominant Protestant cantons. This too would fail although the treaties that followed from the war helped establish the federal nature of Switzerland. Romania, Poland and Ireland experienced revolts as well with some necessary reform in the context of  enhanced civil liberties emerging in Poland.

Troops during the Sonderbund War  Source: MilitaryHistoryNow.com

By 1849 the dust seemed to have settled on most of the revolutions that had impacted Europe. Political gains were few but what emerged was a harbinger of  what the future would hold.  Nationalism, liberalism and socialism were in the ascendancy and it was clear that they their presence on the continent as forces framing a new dynamic would soon be realized.